Unit 1 Cultural Heritage
Period 3 Discovering Useful Structure
Restrictive relative clauses
【教材分析】
This teaching period mainly deals with grammar “restrictive relative clauses.” To begin with, teachers should lead students to revise what they have learned about the relative pronouns and relative adverbs. And then, teachers move on to stress more special cases concerning this grammar, such as the “preposition+relative pronouns which and whom” and cases where we can omit the relative pronouns. This period carries considerable significance to the cultivation of students’ writing competence and lays a solid foundation for the basic appreciation of language beauty. The teacher is expected to enable students to master this period thoroughly and consolidate the knowledge by doing some exercises.
【教学目标】
1. Guide students to review the basic usages of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses.
2. Lead students to learn to use some special cases concerning restrictive relative clauses flexibly.
2. Enable students to use the basic phrases structures flexibly.
3. Strengthen students’ great interest in grammar learning.
【教学重难点】
1. Help students to appreciate the function of relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses in a sentence
2. Instruct students to write essays using the proper relative pronouns and adverbs of attributive clauses.
【教学过程】
本节语法思考：定语从句在复合句中的作用是什么？关系词有哪些？
定语从句在复合句中的作用相当于形容词，它在句中作定语修饰名词或代词。他们在先行词和定语从句之间起到联系作用，同时在意义上代表先行词并在定语从句中担任一个成分。被定语从句所修饰的词称先行词，定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。
引导定语从句的关联词称为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which和as，关系副词有when，where和 why。
Step 1:巩固复习限定性定语从句基本用法。
一、定语从句关系代词用法：
1.定语从句中关系代词的选用主要由先行词决定。
2.当先行词是表示人的名词或代词时，关系代词一般用who; that; whom; that；
3.当先行词是表示事物的名词或代词时，关系代词一般用which; that; whose; as；
4.当先行词既有表示事物的名词或代词，又有表示人的名词或代词时，关系代词一般用that.
5. whose用作关系代词时，它表示“……的……; 事物（包括动物）”，whose引导定语从句时，其先行词可以是指人的名词，其实也可以是指物的名词。
二、关系副词的用法：
如果先行词是指代“时间的名词”，还原到定语从句中作时间状语，则用关系副词when；如果先行词是指代“地点的名词”，还原到定语从句中作地点状语，则用关系副词where；如果先行词是指代“原因的名词（reason）”，还原到定语从句中用作原因状语，则用关系副词why。
Step 2: 限制性定语从句几种特殊情况。
一、定语从句中介词+关系代词用法
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词的宾语时，我们通常用“介词+关系代词”引导定语从句。关系代词只能用which或whom。先行词指物时，用which; 先行词指人时，用whom。在这个结构中，介词的确定的原则是：
1.依据定语从句中动词或形容词等所需要的某种习惯搭配来确定。
He is the man on whom you can rely. 他是你可以信赖的人。
Jack introduced to me his friend with whom I was not very familiar.
杰克向我介绍了我不很熟悉的那个朋友。
2.依据与先行词搭配的具体意义而定。
I’ll never forget the day on which we worked together in the countryside.
我不会忘记我们一起在乡下工作的日子。
3.根据所表达的意思来确定。
The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through which we could see what was happening inside the house.
这个聪明的孩子在墙上挖了一个洞，透过它我们可以看到屋里发生的事情。
4.表示“所有”关系或“整体中的一部分”时，通常用介词of。
Julie was good at German, French and Russian, all of which she spoke fluently.
朱丽亚擅长德语、法语和俄语，这三样她都说得流利。
5.在定语从句中，有一些含介词的动词短语不可拆开使用，如look after, look for等。
The babies whom the nurses are looking after are very healthy. (正确)
The babies after whom the nurses are looking are very healthy. (错误)
二、介词+关系代词常见句型：
1.“代词+ of + which/whom”引导非限制性定语从句。
这个结构中，代词常常为all, each, one, many, much, most, some, none, both等, “代词+ of + which/whom”通常在定语从句中用作主语，说明整体中的一部分。有时候也可把“of+ which /whom”置于代词前。
It is reported that two schools, both of which are being built in my hometown, will open next year.
据报道，在我的家乡两所学校都正在建设中，将于明年投入使用。
2.“数词+of + which /whom”引导定语从句
这种结构常用来引导非限制性定语从句，有时候也可以把“of + which /whom”置于数词前。
3.“the+名词+ of which/whom”引导非限制性定语从句
这个结构中, of which/whom充当定语，修饰前面的名词，整个结构相当于“whose+名词”引导的定语从句。
4.“the+形容词比较级(最高级)+ of + which/whom”引导非限制性定语从句。
There are two buildings, the larger of which stands nearly a hundred feet height.
这儿有两座建筑物，较大的那一座几乎有100英尺高。
三、限制性定语从句中，关系词可以省略的几种情况。
1.定语从句的先行词在定语从句中作宾语时，关系词通常省略。
I have taken with me the two books (that/which) you asked me to return to the City Library.
我把你要我送还给市图书馆的那两本书带走了。
2.先行词是way, reason, time, place等且它们在定语从句中分别作方式、原因、时间和地点状语时，其后定语从句的相应关系词that/in which, why/that, when, where等可以省略。
The way (that/in which) you look at the problem is wrong. 你看待问题的方式是错误的。
3.由and, but, or等并列连词连接两个或两个以上的定语从句修饰同一个先行词时，第一个关系词可以省略，但第二、三个一般不可以省略。
The reason (why/that) he wanted to sell his house was that he needed a lot of money for his operation.
他想卖掉房子的原因是他的手术需要很多钱。
【作业布置】
填入适当的“介词+关系代词”使句意完整。
1. He is the man _______ ________ you can rely.
他是你可以信赖的人。
2. Jack introduced to me his friend _______ ________ I was not very familiar.
杰克向我介绍了我不很熟悉的那个朋友。
3. I’ll never forget the day _______ ________ we worked together in the countryside.
4.我不会忘记我们一起在乡下工作的日子。The clever boy made a hole in the wall, _______ ________ we could see what was happening inside the house.
这个聪明的孩子在墙上挖了一个洞，透过它我们可以看到屋里发生的事情。
