Unit 4 Space Exploration
Discovering Useful Structures

 

【教学目标】

1. Learn the structure, functions and features of infinitives.

2. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.

3. Learn to use infinitives in oral and writing English.

【教学重难点】

1. Learn to summarize some rules about infinitives to show purpose and modify.

2. Learn to use infinitives in oral and writing English.

【教学过程】

Step 1 Lead in—Pair work

Look at the following sentences and focus on the italicized infinitives. In pairs, discuss their functions.

1. I trained for a long time to fly airplanes as a fighter pilot.（作目的状语）

2. As we all know, an astronaut needs to be healthy and calm in order to work in space.（作目的状语）

3. First of all, you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree.（作目的状语）

4. Some scientist were determined to help humans realize their dream to explore space.（作定语）

5. On 12 April 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in the world to go into space.（作定语）

Summary:

1.不定式的结构：to+do原形。

2.分析上面的句子，我们知道在描述太空探索时，动词不定式不仅可以用来表目的，还可以用来作定语，表修饰。

Step 2 Functions of infinitives as attribute

Rewrite the sentences by using infinitives as attribute.

1. In 2003, Yuri Malenchenko became the first person who got married in space.

In 2003, Yuri Malenchenko became the first person ______________ in space.

2. Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dreamed that one day they would fly into space.

Mankind has always been curious about the universe and many people have dream ______________ space.

3. But Janis Adkins has the ability and desire that he can do some useful work for the disabled.

But Janis Adkins has the ability and desire ______________ for the disabled.

4. I usually have a lot of meetings which I have to attend next week.

I usually have a lot of meetings______________.

5. We need someone who can go and ask for a doctor.

We need someone _____________________.

6. Anderson gave her his suggestion that she should insist on her task.

Anderson gave her his suggestion _____________________.

Answers: 1. to get married

2. to fly into

3. to do some useful work

4. to attend

5. to go and ask for a doctor

6. to insist on her task

Summary:

动词不定式用作定语，放在被修饰的名词后面。

1.动词不定式作定语常放在名词或不定代词后面作后置定语，表示尚未发生的动作。

We have much homework to do tonight.

2.名词前有first，last，next，only等词以及最高级修饰时，其后要用动词不定式。

She was the first woman to win the gold medal in the Olympic Games.

3.抽象名词attempt，ability，chance，desire，determination，decision，plan，way或不定代词something，nothing等后面常用不定式作后置定语。

Janis Adkins has the ability and desire to do useful work.

4.当名词与定语之间存在动宾关系时。

She is a nice person to work with.

5.当名词与定语之间存在主谓关系时。

We must find a person to do the job.

6.当名词与定语有同位关系时。

We got the order to leave the city.

Step 3 Practice

(1) The airport ______________ (complete) next year will help promote tourism in this area.

(2) Do you have anything _____ (do) tonight?

(3) The best way __________ (improve) your English is to join an English club.

(4) Miss Liu is a very nice person__________ (work) with.

(5) China is the third country in the world__________ (send) men into space.

(6) Mary had great determination _____________ (achieve) her goal.

(7) The German girl has the ability ___________ (learn) Chinese well.

(8) I have something important __________ (tell) you.

Answers: (1) to complete

(2) to do

(3) to improve

(4) to work

(5) to send

(6) to achieve

(7) to learn

(8) to tell

Step 4 Functions of infinitives as purpose adverbial

Rewrite the sentences by using infinitives as purpose adverbial.

1. In space, astronauts collect all dirty water so that it can be recycled for later use.

In space, astronauts collect all dirty water ________________ it for later use.

2. Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day, which will help them stay healthy.

Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the lack of gravity, so they need to exercise every day_____________________.

3. Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space because everything would float off otherwise.

Astronauts have to use tape to stick everything down while working in space ________________.

4. During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies under control.

During a spacewalk, astronauts have to move slowly_____________________________.

Answers:

1. so as to/in order to/to recycle

2. so as to/in order to/to keep healthy

3. so as not to/in order not to/not to float off

4. so as to/in order to/to keep their bodies under control

Summary: 不定式作目的状语，常译作“以便……，目的是……”。主要用来修饰动词和形容词，也可用来修饰副词。在句中，不定式可作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、条件状语等，可表示目的、原因及结果等。

1.目的状语，置于句首或句末，置于句首时常表示强调，为加强语气。

A group of young people got together to discuss this question.

（1）置于句首时只用to do / in order to do。如用于表示否定，用in order not to do或so as not to do形式。

I walked quietly so as not to disturb the baby.

（2）不定式作目的状语可转换为so that/ in order that或so…that…引导的目的状语从句。

He worked very hard to pass the exam.

→He worked so hard that he could pass the exam.

→He worked hard so that/in order that he could pass the exam

2.原因状语，多见于sb. + be + adj. + to do…结构句中。

I was very sad to hear the news.

3.结果状语，多见于too…to…；enough to…；only to do （表示意料之外的结果的发生）；so/such…as to…（意为“如此……以至于……”）结构句中。

He is old enough to go to school.

I’m too tired to do well.

He rushed back, only to find the book missing.

Step 4 Practice

(1) ___________ (work out) the difficult maths problem, I have consulted Professor Russell several times.

(2) ________ (learn) more about Chinese culture, Jack has decided to take Chinese folk music as an elective course.

(3) He hurried to the station only ______ (find) the train had left.

(4) We travel on Day 2 to northern France ______ (visit) the World WarⅠbattlefields.

(5) When the gorillas and I frightened each other, I was just glad ______ (find) them alive.

(6) Join us _______ (taste) a variety of fresh local food and drinks.

Answers: (1) To work out

(2) To learn

(3) to find

(4) to visit

(5) to find

(6) to taste

Step 5 More about infinitive as purpose adverbial

现在分词与不定式作结果状语的区别

（1）动词不定式作结果状语强调的是一种意想不到的结果。

Anxiously, she took the dress out of the package and tried it on, only to find it didn’t fit.

（2）现在分词作结果状语强调的是一种顺承的，必然造成的结果。

His father passed away, leaving him a little money.